last version of v12

2026-05-14 18:13:49 +00:00 · 2024-04-25 01:43:13 +03:00
parent 55357a125b 4117f3b88f
commit 08a852ec48
1443 changed files with 85668 additions and 101900 deletions
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/Dockerfile
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# docker build -t app . 
+# docker run --rm -it -p 8080:8080 app:latest
+FROM golang:latest AS builder
+RUN apt-get update
+ENV GO111MODULE=on \
+    CGO_ENABLED=0 \
+    GOOS=linux \
+    GOARCH=amd64
+WORKDIR /go/src/app
+COPY go.mod .
+RUN go mod download
+COPY . .
+RUN go install
+
+FROM scratch
+COPY --from=builder /go/bin/app .
+ENTRYPOINT ["./app"]
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/README.md
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+# Quick start
+
+The following guide is just a simple example of usage of some of the **Iris MVC** features. You are not limited to that data structure or code flow. 
+
+Create a folder, let's assume its path is `app`. The structure should look like that:
+
+```
+│   main.go
+│	go.mod
+│	go.sum
+└───environment
+│      environment.go
+└───model
+│      request.go
+│      response.go
+└───database
+│       database.go
+│       mysql.go
+│       sqlite.go
+└───service
+│       greet_service.go
+└───controller
+        greet_controller.go
+```
+
+Navigate to that `app` folder and execute the following command:
+
+```sh
+$ go init app
+$ go get github.com/kataras/iris/v12@latest
+```
+
+## Environment
+
+Let's start by defining the available environments that our web-application can behave on.
+
+We'll just work on two available environments, the "development" and the "production", as they define the two most common scenarios. The `ReadEnv` will read from the `Env` type of a system's environment variable (see `main.go` in the end of the page).
+
+Create a `environment/environment.go` file and put the following contents:
+
+```go
+package environment
+
+import (
+    "os"
+    "strings"
+)
+
+const (
+	PROD Env = "production"
+	DEV  Env = "development"
+)
+
+type Env string
+
+func (e Env) String() string {
+    return string(e)
+}
+
+func ReadEnv(key string, def Env) Env {
+    v := Getenv(key, def.String())
+    if v == "" {
+        return def
+    }
+
+    env := Env(strings.ToLower(v))
+    switch env {
+    case PROD, DEV: // allowed.
+    default:
+        panic("unexpected environment " + v)
+    }
+
+    return env
+}
+
+func Getenv(key string, def string) string {
+    if v := os.Getenv(key); v != "" {
+        return v
+    }
+
+    return def
+}
+```
+
+## Database
+
+We will use two database management systems, the `MySQL` and the `SQLite`. The first one for "production" use and the other for "development".
+
+Create a `database/database.go` file and copy-paste the following:
+
+```go
+package database
+
+import "app/environment"
+
+type DB interface {
+	Exec(q string) error
+}
+
+func NewDB(env environment.Env) DB {
+	switch env {
+	case environment.PROD:
+		return &mysql{}
+	case environment.DEV:
+		return &sqlite{}
+	default:
+		panic("unknown environment")
+	}
+}
+```
+
+Let's simulate our MySQL and SQLite `DB` instances. Create a `database/mysql.go` file which looks like the following one:
+
+```go
+package database
+
+import "fmt"
+
+type mysql struct{}
+
+func (db *mysql) Exec(q string) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("mysql: not implemented <%s>", q)
+}
+```
+
+And a `database/sqlite.go` file.
+
+```go
+package database
+
+type sqlite struct{}
+
+func (db *sqlite) Exec(q string) error { return nil }
+```
+
+The `DB` depends on the `Environment.
+
+> A practical and operational database example, including Docker images, can be found at the following guide: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/main/_examples/database/mysql
+
+## Service
+
+We'll need a service that will communicate with a database instance in behalf of our Controller(s).
+
+In our case we will only need a single service, the Greet Service.
+
+For the sake of the example, let's use two implementations of a greet service based on the `Environment`. The `GreetService` interface contains a single method of `Say(input string) (output string, err error)`. Create a `./service/greet_service.go` file and write the following code:
+
+```go
+package service
+
+import (
+    "fmt"
+
+    "app/database"
+    "app/environment"
+)
+
+// GreetService example service.
+type GreetService interface {
+	Say(input string) (string, error)
+}
+
+// NewGreetService returns a service backed with a "db" based on "env".
+func NewGreetService(env environment.Env, db database.DB) GreetService {
+	service := &greeter{db: db, prefix: "Hello"}
+
+	switch env {
+	case environment.PROD:
+		return service
+	case environment.DEV:
+		return &greeterWithLogging{service}
+	default:
+		panic("unknown environment")
+	}
+}
+
+type greeter struct {
+	prefix string
+	db     database.DB
+}
+
+func (s *greeter) Say(input string) (string, error) {
+	if err := s.db.Exec("simulate a query..."); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	result := s.prefix + " " + input
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+type greeterWithLogging struct {
+	*greeter
+}
+
+func (s *greeterWithLogging) Say(input string) (string, error) {
+	result, err := s.greeter.Say(input)
+	fmt.Printf("result: %s\nerror: %v\n", result, err)
+	return result, err
+}
+
+```
+
+The `greeter` will be used on "production" and the `greeterWithLogging` on "development". The `GreetService` depends on the `Environment` and the `DB`.
+
+## Models
+
+Continue by creating our HTTP request and response models.
+
+Create a `model/request.go` file and copy-paste the following code:
+
+```go
+package model
+
+type Request struct {
+    Name string `url:"name"`
+}
+```
+
+Same for the `model/response.go` file.
+
+```go
+package model
+
+type Response struct {
+    Message string `json:"msg"`
+}
+```
+
+The server will accept a URL Query Parameter of `name` (e.g. `/greet?name=kataras`) and will reply back with a JSON message.
+
+## Controller
+
+MVC Controllers are responsible for controlling the flow of the application execution. When you make a request (means request a page) to MVC Application, a controller is responsible for returning the response to that request.
+
+We will only need the `GreetController` for our mini web-application. Create a file at `controller/greet_controller.go` which looks like that:
+
+```go
+package controller
+
+import (
+	"app/model"
+	"app/service"
+)
+
+type GreetController struct {
+	Service service.GreetService
+	// Ctx iris.Context
+}
+
+func (c *GreetController) Get(req model.Request) (model.Response, error) {
+	message, err := c.Service.Say(req.Name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.Response{}, err
+	}
+
+	return model.Response{Message: message}, nil
+}
+```
+
+The `GreetController` depends on the `GreetService`. It serves the `GET: /greet` index path through its `Get` method. The `Get` method accepts a `model.Request` which contains a single field name of `Name` which will be extracted from the `URL Query Parameter 'name'` (because it's a `GET` requst and its `url:"name"` struct field).
+
+## Wrap up
+
+```sh
+                                         +-------------------+
+                                         |  Env (DEV, PROD)  |
+                                         +---------+---------+
+                                         |         |         |
+                                         |         |         |
+                                         |         |         |
+                                    DEV  |         |         |  PROD
+-------------------+---------------------+         |         +----------------------+-------------------
+                   |                               |                                |
+                   |                               |                                |
+               +---+-----+        +----------------v------------------+        +----+----+
+               | sqlite  |        |         NewDB(Env) DB             |        |  mysql  |
+               +---+-----+        +----------------+---+--------------+        +----+----+
+                   |                               |   |                            |
+                   |                               |   |                            |
+                   |                               |   |                            |
+    +--------------+-----+     +-------------------v---v-----------------+     +----+------+
+    | greeterWithLogging |     |  NewGreetService(Env, DB) GreetService  |     |  greeter  |
+    +--------------+-----+     +---------------------------+-------------+     +----+------+
+                   |                                       |                        |
+                   |                                       |                        |
+                   |           +-----------------------------------------+          |
+                   |           |  GreetController          |             |          |
+                   |           |                           |             |          |
+                   |           |  - Service GreetService <--             |          |
+                   |           |                                         |          |
+                   |           +-------------------+---------------------+          |
+                   |                               |                                |
+                   |                               |                                |
+                   |                               |                                |
+                   |                   +-----------+-----------+                    |
+                   |                   |      HTTP Request     |                    |
+                   |                   +-----------------------+                    |
+                   |                   |  /greet?name=kataras  |                    |
+                   |                   +-----------+-----------+                    |
+                   |                               |                                |
+------------------+--------+         +------------+------------+           +-------+------------------+
+|  model.Response (JSON)    |         |  Response (JSON, error) |           |  Bad Request             |
+---------------------------+         +-------------------------+           +--------------------------+
+|  {                        |                                               |  mysql: not implemented  |
+|    "msg": "Hello kataras" |                                               +--------------------------+
+|  }                        |
+---------------------------+
+```
+
+Now it's the time to wrap all the above into our `main.go` file. Copy-paste the following code:
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+	"app/controller"
+	"app/database"
+	"app/environment"
+	"app/service"
+
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/v12"
+	"github.com/kataras/iris/v12/mvc"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	app := iris.New()
+	app.Get("/ping", pong).Describe("healthcheck")
+
+	mvc.Configure(app.Party("/greet"), setup)
+
+	// http://localhost:8080/greet?name=kataras
+	app.Listen(":8080", iris.WithLogLevel("debug"))
+}
+
+func pong(ctx iris.Context) {
+	ctx.WriteString("pong")
+}
+
+func setup(app *mvc.Application) {
+	// Register Dependencies.
+	app.Register(
+		environment.DEV,         // DEV, PROD
+		database.NewDB,          // sqlite, mysql
+		service.NewGreetService, // greeterWithLogging, greeter
+	)
+
+	// Register Controllers.
+	app.Handle(new(controller.GreetController))
+}
+```
+
+The `mvc.Application.Register` method registers one more dependencies, dependencies can depend on previously registered dependencies too. Thats the reason we pass, first, the `Environment(DEV)`, then the `NewDB` which depends on that `Environment`, following by the `NewGreetService` function which depends on both the `Environment(DEV)` and the `DB`.
+
+The `mvc.Application.Handle` registers a new controller, which depends on the `GreetService`, for the targeted sub-router of `Party("/greet")`.
+
+## Run
+
+Install [Go](https://golang.org/dl) and run the application with:
+
+```sh
+go run main.go
+```
+
+<details><summary>Docker</summary>
+
+Download the [Dockerfile](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kataras/iris/9b93c0dbb491dcedf49c91e89ca13bab884d116f/_examples/mvc/overview/Dockerfile) and [docker-compose.yml](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kataras/iris/9b93c0dbb491dcedf49c91e89ca13bab884d116f/_examples/mvc/overview/docker-compose.yml) files to the `app` folder.
+
+Install [Docker](https://www.docker.com/) and execute the following command:
+
+```sh
+$ docker-compose up
+```
+</details>
+
+Visit http://localhost:8080?name=kataras.
+
+Optionally, replace the `main.go`'s `app.Register(environment.DEV` with `environment.PROD`, restart the application and refresh. You will see that a new database (`sqlite`) and another service of (`greeterWithLogging`) will be binded to the `GreetController`. With **a single change** you achieve to completety change the result.
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/controller/greet_controller.go
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/controller/greet_controller.go
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package controller
+
+import (
+	"app/model"
+	"app/service"
+)
+
+// GreetController handles the index.
+type GreetController struct {
+	Service service.GreetService
+	// Ctx iris.Context
+}
+
+// Get serves [GET] /.
+// Query: name
+func (c *GreetController) Get(req model.Request) (model.Response, error) {
+	message, err := c.Service.Say(req.Name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.Response{}, err
+	}
+
+	return model.Response{Message: message}, nil
+}
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/database/database.go
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/database/database.go
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package database
+
+import "app/environment"
+
+// DB example database interface.
+type DB interface {
+	Exec(q string) error
+}
+
+// NewDB returns a database based on "env".
+func NewDB(env environment.Env) DB {
+	switch env {
+	case environment.PROD:
+		return &mysql{}
+	case environment.DEV:
+		return &sqlite{}
+	default:
+		panic("unknown environment")
+	}
+}
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/database/mysql.go
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/database/mysql.go
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package database
+
+import "fmt"
+
+type mysql struct{}
+
+func (db *mysql) Exec(q string) error {
+	// simulate an error response.
+	return fmt.Errorf("mysql: not implemented <%s>", q)
+}
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/database/sqlite.go
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/database/sqlite.go
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+package database
+
+type sqlite struct{}
+
+func (db *sqlite) Exec(q string) error { return nil }
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/datamodels/README.md
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/datamodels/README.md
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# Data Model Layer
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/datamodels/movie.go
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/datamodels/movie.go
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-// file: datamodels/movie.go
-
-package datamodels
-
-// Movie is our sample data structure.
-// Keep note that the tags for public-use (for our web app)
-// should be kept in other file like "web/viewmodels/movie.go"
-// which could wrap by embedding the datamodels.Movie or
-// declare new fields instead butwe will use this datamodel
-// as the only one Movie model in our application,
-// for the shake of simplicty.
-type Movie struct {
-	ID     int64  `json:"id"`
-	Name   string `json:"name"`
-	Year   int    `json:"year"`
-	Genre  string `json:"genre"`
-	Poster string `json:"poster"`
-}
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/datasource/README.md
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/datasource/README.md
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# Data Source / Data Store Layer
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/datasource/movies.go
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/datasource/movies.go
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-// file: datasource/movies.go
-
-package datasource
-
-import "github.com/kataras/iris/v12/_examples/mvc/overview/datamodels"
-
-// Movies is our imaginary data source.
-var Movies = map[int64]datamodels.Movie{
-	1: {
-		ID:     1,
-		Name:   "Casablanca",
-		Year:   1942,
-		Genre:  "Romance",
-		Poster: "https://iris-go.com/images/examples/mvc-movies/1.jpg",
-	},
-	2: {
-		ID:     2,
-		Name:   "Gone with the Wind",
-		Year:   1939,
-		Genre:  "Romance",
-		Poster: "https://iris-go.com/images/examples/mvc-movies/2.jpg",
-	},
-	3: {
-		ID:     3,
-		Name:   "Citizen Kane",
-		Year:   1941,
-		Genre:  "Mystery",
-		Poster: "https://iris-go.com/images/examples/mvc-movies/3.jpg",
-	},
-	4: {
-		ID:     4,
-		Name:   "The Wizard of Oz",
-		Year:   1939,
-		Genre:  "Fantasy",
-		Poster: "https://iris-go.com/images/examples/mvc-movies/4.jpg",
-	},
-	5: {
-		ID:     5,
-		Name:   "North by Northwest",
-		Year:   1959,
-		Genre:  "Thriller",
-		Poster: "https://iris-go.com/images/examples/mvc-movies/5.jpg",
-	},
-}
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/docker-compose.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+version: '3.1'
+
+services:
+  app:
+    build: .
+    ports:
+      - 8080:8080
+    environment:
+      PORT: 8080
+      ENVIRONMENT: development
+    restart: on-failure
+    healthcheck:
+        test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://localhost:8080/ping"]
+        interval: 30s
+        timeout: 10s
+        retries: 5
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/environment/environment.go
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/environment/environment.go
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package environment
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Available environments example.
+const (
+	PROD Env = "production"
+	DEV  Env = "development"
+)
+
+// Env is the environment type.
+type Env string
+
+// String just returns the string representation of the Env.
+func (e Env) String() string {
+	return string(e)
+}
+
+// ReadEnv returns the environment of the system environment variable of "key".
+// Returns the "def" if not found.
+// Reports a panic message if the environment variable found
+// but the Env is unknown.
+func ReadEnv(key string, def Env) Env {
+	v := Getenv(key, def.String())
+	if v == "" {
+		return def
+	}
+
+	env := Env(strings.ToLower(v))
+	switch env {
+	case PROD, DEV: // allowed.
+	default:
+		panic("unexpected environment " + v)
+	}
+
+	return env
+}
+
+// Getenv returns the value of a system environment variable "key".
+// Defaults to "def" if not found.
+func Getenv(key string, def string) string {
+	if v := os.Getenv(key); v != "" {
+		return v
+	}
+
+	return def
+}
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/folder_structure.png
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/folder_structure.png
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/go.mod
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/go.mod
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+module app
+
+go 1.22
+
+require github.com/kataras/iris/v12 v12.2.11-0.20240424221303-df7737ed577a
+
+require (
+	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.3.2 // indirect
+	github.com/CloudyKit/fastprinter v0.0.0-20200109182630-33d98a066a53 // indirect
+	github.com/CloudyKit/jet/v6 v6.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/Joker/jade v1.1.3 // indirect
+	github.com/Shopify/goreferrer v0.0.0-20220729165902-8cddb4f5de06 // indirect
+	github.com/andybalholm/brotli v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aymerick/douceur v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/blang/semver/v4 v4.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/fatih/structs v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/flosch/pongo2/v4 v4.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/gobwas/httphead v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gobwas/pool v0.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/gobwas/ws v1.3.2 // indirect
+	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/gomarkdown/markdown v0.0.0-20240328165702-4d01890c35c0 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 // indirect
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gorilla/css v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.1 // indirect
+	github.com/iris-contrib/schema v0.0.6 // indirect
+	github.com/josharian/intern v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/kataras/blocks v0.0.8 // indirect
+	github.com/kataras/golog v0.1.11 // indirect
+	github.com/kataras/neffos v0.0.24-0.20240408172741-99c879ba0ede // indirect
+	github.com/kataras/pio v0.0.13 // indirect
+	github.com/kataras/sitemap v0.0.6 // indirect
+	github.com/kataras/tunnel v0.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.7 // indirect
+	github.com/mailgun/raymond/v2 v2.0.48 // indirect
+	github.com/mailru/easyjson v0.7.7 // indirect
+	github.com/mediocregopher/radix/v3 v3.8.1 // indirect
+	github.com/microcosm-cc/bluemonday v1.0.26 // indirect
+	github.com/nats-io/nats.go v1.34.1 // indirect
+	github.com/nats-io/nkeys v0.4.7 // indirect
+	github.com/nats-io/nuid v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/schollz/closestmatch v2.1.0+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.8.1 // indirect
+	github.com/tdewolff/minify/v2 v2.20.19 // indirect
+	github.com/tdewolff/parse/v2 v2.7.12 // indirect
+	github.com/valyala/bytebufferpool v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/vmihailenco/msgpack/v5 v5.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/vmihailenco/tagparser/v2 v2.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/yosssi/ace v0.0.5 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.22.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240404231335-c0f41cb1a7a0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.24.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.19.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.14.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/time v0.5.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.33.0 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
+)
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/go.sum
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/go.sum
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.3.2 h1:o7IhLm0Msx3BaB+n3Ag7L8EVlByGnpq14C4YWiu/gL8=
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--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/main.go
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/main.go
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
-// file: main.go
-
 package main

 import (
-	"github.com/kataras/iris/v12/_examples/mvc/overview/datasource"
-	"github.com/kataras/iris/v12/_examples/mvc/overview/repositories"
-	"github.com/kataras/iris/v12/_examples/mvc/overview/services"
-	"github.com/kataras/iris/v12/_examples/mvc/overview/web/controllers"
-	"github.com/kataras/iris/v12/_examples/mvc/overview/web/middleware"
+	"app/controller"
+	"app/database"
+	"app/environment"
+	"app/service"

 	"github.com/kataras/iris/v12"
 	"github.com/kataras/iris/v12/mvc"
@@ -17,44 +14,77 @@ func main() {
 	app := iris.New()
 	app.Logger().SetLevel("debug")

-	// Load the template files.
-	app.RegisterView(iris.HTML("./web/views", ".html"))
+	app.Get("/ping", pong).Describe("healthcheck")

-	// Serve our controllers.
-	mvc.New(app.Party("/hello")).Handle(new(controllers.HelloController))
-	// You can also split the code you write to configure an mvc.Application
-	// using the `mvc.Configure` method, as shown below.
-	mvc.Configure(app.Party("/movies"), movies)
+	mvc.Configure(app.Party("/greet"), setup)

-	// http://localhost:8080/hello
-	// http://localhost:8080/hello/iris
-	// http://localhost:8080/movies
-	// http://localhost:8080/movies/1
-	app.Run(
-		// Start the web server at localhost:8080
-		iris.Addr("localhost:8080"),
-		// skip err server closed when CTRL/CMD+C pressed:
-		iris.WithoutServerError(iris.ErrServerClosed),
-		// enables faster json serialization and more:
-		iris.WithOptimizations,
+	// http://localhost:8080/greet?name=kataras
+	addr := ":" + environment.Getenv("PORT", "8080")
+	app.Listen(addr)
+}
+
+func pong(ctx iris.Context) {
+	ctx.WriteString("pong")
+}
+
+/*
+	     +-------------------+
+	     |  Env (DEV, PROD)  |
+	     +---------+---------+
+	     |         |         |
+	     |         |         |
+	     |         |         |
+	DEV  |         |         |  PROD
+
+-------------------+---------------------+         |         +----------------------+-------------------
+
+	               |                               |                                |
+	               |                               |                                |
+	           +---+-----+        +----------------v------------------+        +----+----+
+	           | sqlite  |        |         NewDB(Env) DB             |        |  mysql  |
+	           +---+-----+        +----------------+---+--------------+        +----+----+
+	               |                               |   |                            |
+	               |                               |   |                            |
+	               |                               |   |                            |
+	+--------------+-----+     +-------------------v---v-----------------+     +----+------+
+	| greeterWithLogging |     |  NewGreetService(Env, DB) GreetService  |     |  greeter  |
+	+--------------+-----+     +---------------------------+-------------+     +----+------+
+	               |                                       |                        |
+	               |                                       |                        |
+	               |           +-----------------------------------------+          |
+	               |           |  GreetController          |             |          |
+	               |           |                           |             |          |
+	               |           |  - Service GreetService <--             |          |
+	               |           |                                         |          |
+	               |           +-------------------+---------------------+          |
+	               |                               |                                |
+	               |                               |                                |
+	               |                               |                                |
+	               |                   +-----------+-----------+                    |
+	               |                   |      HTTP Request     |                    |
+	               |                   +-----------------------+                    |
+	               |                   |  /greet?name=kataras  |                    |
+	               |                   +-----------+-----------+                    |
+	               |                               |                                |
+
+------------------+--------+         +------------+------------+           +-------+------------------+
+|  model.Response (JSON)    |         |  Response (JSON, error) |           |  Bad Request             |
+---------------------------+         +-------------------------+           +--------------------------+
+|  {                        |                                               |  mysql: not implemented  |
+|    "msg": "Hello kataras" |                                               +--------------------------+
+|  }                        |
+---------------------------+
+*/
+func setup(app *mvc.Application) {
+	// Register Dependencies.
+	// Tip: A dependency can depend on other dependencies too.
+	env := environment.ReadEnv("ENVIRONMENT", environment.DEV)
+	app.Register(
+		env,                     // DEV, PROD
+		database.NewDB,          // sqlite, mysql
+		service.NewGreetService, // greeterWithLogging, greeter
 	)
-}
-
-// note the mvc.Application, it's not iris.Application.
-func movies(app *mvc.Application) {
-	// Add the basic authentication(admin:password) middleware
-	// for the /movies based requests.
-	app.Router.Use(middleware.BasicAuth)
-
-	// Create our movie repository with some (memory) data from the datasource.
-	repo := repositories.NewMovieRepository(datasource.Movies)
-	// Create our movie service, we will bind it to the movie app's dependencies.
-	movieService := services.NewMovieService(repo)
-	app.Register(movieService)
-
-	// serve our movies controller.
-	// Note that you can serve more than one controller
-	// you can also create child mvc apps using the `movies.Party(relativePath)` or `movies.Clone(app.Party(...))`
-	// if you want.
-	app.Handle(new(controllers.MovieController))
+
+	// Register Controllers.
+	app.Handle(new(controller.GreetController))
 }
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/model/request.go
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/model/request.go
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package model
+
+// Request example incoming request.
+type Request struct {
+	Name string `json:"name" url:"name"`
+}
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/model/response.go
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/model/response.go
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package model
+
+// Response example server's response.
+type Response struct {
+	Message string `json:"msg"`
+}
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/models/README.md
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/models/README.md
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-# Domain Models
-
-There should be the domain/business-level models.
-
-Example:
-
-```go
-import "github.com/kataras/iris/v12/_examples/mvc/overview/datamodels"
-
-type Movie struct {
-    datamodels.Movie
-}
-
-func (m Movie) Validate() (Movie, error) {
-    /* do some checks and return an error if that Movie is not valid */
-}
-```
-
-However, we will use the "datamodels" as the only one models package because
-Movie structure we don't need any extra functionality or validation inside it.
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/repositories/README.md
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/repositories/README.md
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Repositories
-
-The package which has direct access to the "datasource" and can manipulate data directly.
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/repositories/movie_repository.go
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/repositories/movie_repository.go
@@ -1,176 +0,0 @@
-// file: repositories/movie_repository.go
-
-package repositories
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"sync"
-
-	"github.com/kataras/iris/v12/_examples/mvc/overview/datamodels"
-)
-
-// Query represents the visitor and action queries.
-type Query func(datamodels.Movie) bool
-
-// MovieRepository handles the basic operations of a movie entity/model.
-// It's an interface in order to be testable, i.e a memory movie repository or
-// a connected to an sql database.
-type MovieRepository interface {
-	Exec(query Query, action Query, limit int, mode int) (ok bool)
-
-	Select(query Query) (movie datamodels.Movie, found bool)
-	SelectMany(query Query, limit int) (results []datamodels.Movie)
-
-	InsertOrUpdate(movie datamodels.Movie) (updatedMovie datamodels.Movie, err error)
-	Delete(query Query, limit int) (deleted bool)
-}
-
-// NewMovieRepository returns a new movie memory-based repository,
-// the one and only repository type in our example.
-func NewMovieRepository(source map[int64]datamodels.Movie) MovieRepository {
-	return &movieMemoryRepository{source: source}
-}
-
-// movieMemoryRepository is a "MovieRepository"
-// which manages the movies using the memory data source (map).
-type movieMemoryRepository struct {
-	source map[int64]datamodels.Movie
-	mu     sync.RWMutex
-}
-
-const (
-	// ReadOnlyMode will RLock(read) the data .
-	ReadOnlyMode = iota
-	// ReadWriteMode will Lock(read/write) the data.
-	ReadWriteMode
-)
-
-func (r *movieMemoryRepository) Exec(query Query, action Query, actionLimit int, mode int) (ok bool) {
-	loops := 0
-
-	if mode == ReadOnlyMode {
-		r.mu.RLock()
-		defer r.mu.RUnlock()
-	} else {
-		r.mu.Lock()
-		defer r.mu.Unlock()
-	}
-
-	for _, movie := range r.source {
-		ok = query(movie)
-		if ok {
-			if action(movie) {
-				loops++
-				if actionLimit >= loops {
-					break // break
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return
-}
-
-// Select receives a query function
-// which is fired for every single movie model inside
-// our imaginary data source.
-// When that function returns true then it stops the iteration.
-//
-// It returns the query's return last known "found" value
-// and the last known movie model
-// to help callers to reduce the LOC.
-//
-// It's actually a simple but very clever prototype function
-// I'm using everywhere since I firstly think of it,
-// hope you'll find it very useful as well.
-func (r *movieMemoryRepository) Select(query Query) (movie datamodels.Movie, found bool) {
-	found = r.Exec(query, func(m datamodels.Movie) bool {
-		movie = m
-		return true
-	}, 1, ReadOnlyMode)
-
-	// set an empty datamodels.Movie if not found at all.
-	if !found {
-		movie = datamodels.Movie{}
-	}
-
-	return
-}
-
-// SelectMany same as Select but returns one or more datamodels.Movie as a slice.
-// If limit <=0 then it returns everything.
-func (r *movieMemoryRepository) SelectMany(query Query, limit int) (results []datamodels.Movie) {
-	r.Exec(query, func(m datamodels.Movie) bool {
-		results = append(results, m)
-		return true
-	}, limit, ReadOnlyMode)
-
-	return
-}
-
-// InsertOrUpdate adds or updates a movie to the (memory) storage.
-//
-// Returns the new movie and an error if any.
-func (r *movieMemoryRepository) InsertOrUpdate(movie datamodels.Movie) (datamodels.Movie, error) {
-	id := movie.ID
-
-	if id == 0 { // Create new action
-		var lastID int64
-		// find the biggest ID in order to not have duplications
-		// in productions apps you can use a third-party
-		// library to generate a UUID as string.
-		r.mu.RLock()
-		for _, item := range r.source {
-			if item.ID > lastID {
-				lastID = item.ID
-			}
-		}
-		r.mu.RUnlock()
-
-		id = lastID + 1
-		movie.ID = id
-
-		// map-specific thing
-		r.mu.Lock()
-		r.source[id] = movie
-		r.mu.Unlock()
-
-		return movie, nil
-	}
-
-	// Update action based on the movie.ID,
-	// here we will allow updating the poster and genre if not empty.
-	// Alternatively we could do pure replace instead:
-	// r.source[id] = movie
-	// and comment the code below;
-	current, exists := r.Select(func(m datamodels.Movie) bool {
-		return m.ID == id
-	})
-
-	if !exists { // ID is not a real one, return an error.
-		return datamodels.Movie{}, errors.New("failed to update a nonexistent movie")
-	}
-
-	// or comment these and r.source[id] = m for pure replace
-	if movie.Poster != "" {
-		current.Poster = movie.Poster
-	}
-
-	if movie.Genre != "" {
-		current.Genre = movie.Genre
-	}
-
-	// map-specific thing
-	r.mu.Lock()
-	r.source[id] = current
-	r.mu.Unlock()
-
-	return movie, nil
-}
-
-func (r *movieMemoryRepository) Delete(query Query, limit int) bool {
-	return r.Exec(query, func(m datamodels.Movie) bool {
-		delete(r.source, m.ID)
-		return true
-	}, limit, ReadWriteMode)
-}
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/service/greet_service.go
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/service/greet_service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"app/database"
+	"app/environment"
+)
+
+// GreetService example service.
+type GreetService interface {
+	Say(input string) (string, error)
+}
+
+// NewGreetService returns a service backed with a "db" based on "env".
+func NewGreetService(env environment.Env, db database.DB) GreetService {
+	service := &greeter{db: db, prefix: "Hello"}
+
+	switch env {
+	case environment.PROD:
+		return service
+	case environment.DEV:
+		return &greeterWithLogging{service}
+	default:
+		panic("unknown environment")
+	}
+}
+
+type greeter struct {
+	prefix string
+	db     database.DB
+}
+
+func (s *greeter) Say(input string) (string, error) {
+	if err := s.db.Exec("simulate a query..."); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	result := s.prefix + " " + input
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+type greeterWithLogging struct {
+	*greeter
+}
+
+func (s *greeterWithLogging) Say(input string) (string, error) {
+	result, err := s.greeter.Say(input)
+	fmt.Printf("result: %s\nerror: %v\n", result, err)
+	return result, err
+}
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/services/README.md
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/services/README.md
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Service Layer
-
-The package which has access to call functions from the "repositories" and "models" ("datamodels" only in that simple example). It should contain the domain logic.
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/services/movie_service.go
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/services/movie_service.go
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-// file: services/movie_service.go
-
-package services
-
-import (
-	"github.com/kataras/iris/v12/_examples/mvc/overview/datamodels"
-	"github.com/kataras/iris/v12/_examples/mvc/overview/repositories"
-)
-
-// MovieService handles some of the CRUID operations of the movie datamodel.
-// It depends on a movie repository for its actions.
-// It's here to decouple the data source from the higher level compoments.
-// As a result a different repository type can be used with the same logic without any aditional changes.
-// It's an interface and it's used as interface everywhere
-// because we may need to change or try an experimental different domain logic at the future.
-type MovieService interface {
-	GetAll() []datamodels.Movie
-	GetByID(id int64) (datamodels.Movie, bool)
-	DeleteByID(id int64) bool
-	UpdatePosterAndGenreByID(id int64, poster string, genre string) (datamodels.Movie, error)
-}
-
-// NewMovieService returns the default movie service.
-func NewMovieService(repo repositories.MovieRepository) MovieService {
-	return &movieService{
-		repo: repo,
-	}
-}
-
-type movieService struct {
-	repo repositories.MovieRepository
-}
-
-// GetAll returns all movies.
-func (s *movieService) GetAll() []datamodels.Movie {
-	return s.repo.SelectMany(func(_ datamodels.Movie) bool {
-		return true
-	}, -1)
-}
-
-// GetByID returns a movie based on its id.
-func (s *movieService) GetByID(id int64) (datamodels.Movie, bool) {
-	return s.repo.Select(func(m datamodels.Movie) bool {
-		return m.ID == id
-	})
-}
-
-// UpdatePosterAndGenreByID updates a movie's poster and genre.
-func (s *movieService) UpdatePosterAndGenreByID(id int64, poster string, genre string) (datamodels.Movie, error) {
-	// update the movie and return it.
-	return s.repo.InsertOrUpdate(datamodels.Movie{
-		ID:     id,
-		Poster: poster,
-		Genre:  genre,
-	})
-}
-
-// DeleteByID deletes a movie by its id.
-//
-// Returns true if deleted otherwise false.
-func (s *movieService) DeleteByID(id int64) bool {
-	return s.repo.Delete(func(m datamodels.Movie) bool {
-		return m.ID == id
-	}, 1)
-}
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/web/controllers/hello_controller.go
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/web/controllers/hello_controller.go
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-// file: web/controllers/hello_controller.go
-
-package controllers
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-
-	"github.com/kataras/iris/v12/mvc"
-)
-
-// HelloController is our sample controller
-// it handles GET: /hello and GET: /hello/{name}
-type HelloController struct{}
-
-var helloView = mvc.View{
-	Name: "hello/index.html",
-	Data: map[string]interface{}{
-		"Title":     "Hello Page",
-		"MyMessage": "Welcome to my awesome website",
-	},
-}
-
-// Get will return a predefined view with bind data.
-//
-// `mvc.Result` is just an interface with a `Dispatch` function.
-// `mvc.Response` and `mvc.View` are the builtin result type dispatchers
-// you can even create custom response dispatchers by
-// implementing the `github.com/kataras/iris/hero#Result` interface.
-func (c *HelloController) Get() mvc.Result {
-	return helloView
-}
-
-// you can define a standard error in order to re-use anywhere in your app.
-var errBadName = errors.New("bad name")
-
-// you can just return it as error or even better
-// wrap this error with an mvc.Response to make it an mvc.Result compatible type.
-var badName = mvc.Response{Err: errBadName, Code: 400}
-
-// GetBy returns a "Hello {name}" response.
-// Demos:
-// curl -i http://localhost:8080/hello/iris
-// curl -i http://localhost:8080/hello/anything
-func (c *HelloController) GetBy(name string) mvc.Result {
-	if name != "iris" {
-		return badName
-		// or
-		// GetBy(name string) (mvc.Result, error) {
-		//	return nil, errBadName
-		// }
-	}
-
-	// return mvc.Response{Text: "Hello " + name} OR:
-	return mvc.View{
-		Name: "hello/name.html",
-		Data: name,
-	}
-}
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/web/controllers/movie_controller.go
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/web/controllers/movie_controller.go
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-// file: web/controllers/movie_controller.go
-
-package controllers
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-
-	"github.com/kataras/iris/v12/_examples/mvc/overview/datamodels"
-	"github.com/kataras/iris/v12/_examples/mvc/overview/services"
-
-	"github.com/kataras/iris/v12"
-)
-
-// MovieController is our /movies controller.
-type MovieController struct {
-	// Our MovieService, it's an interface which
-	// is binded from the main application.
-	Service services.MovieService
-}
-
-// Get returns list of the movies.
-// Demo:
-// curl -i http://localhost:8080/movies
-//
-// The correct way if you have sensitive data:
-// func (c *MovieController) Get() (results []viewmodels.Movie) {
-// 	data := c.Service.GetAll()
-//
-// 	for _, movie := range data {
-// 		results = append(results, viewmodels.Movie{movie})
-// 	}
-// 	return
-// }
-// otherwise just return the datamodels.
-func (c *MovieController) Get() (results []datamodels.Movie) {
-	return c.Service.GetAll()
-}
-
-// GetBy returns a movie.
-// Demo:
-// curl -i http://localhost:8080/movies/1
-func (c *MovieController) GetBy(id int64) (movie datamodels.Movie, found bool) {
-	return c.Service.GetByID(id) // it will throw 404 if not found.
-}
-
-// PutBy updates a movie.
-// Demo:
-// curl -i -X PUT -F "genre=Thriller" -F "poster=@/Users/kataras/Downloads/out.gif" http://localhost:8080/movies/1
-func (c *MovieController) PutBy(ctx iris.Context, id int64) (datamodels.Movie, error) {
-	// get the request data for poster and genre
-	file, info, err := ctx.FormFile("poster")
-	if err != nil {
-		return datamodels.Movie{}, errors.New("failed due form file 'poster' missing")
-	}
-	// we don't need the file so close it now.
-	file.Close()
-
-	// imagine that is the url of the uploaded file...
-	poster := info.Filename
-	genre := ctx.FormValue("genre")
-
-	return c.Service.UpdatePosterAndGenreByID(id, poster, genre)
-}
-
-// DeleteBy deletes a movie.
-// Demo:
-// curl -i -X DELETE -u admin:password http://localhost:8080/movies/1
-func (c *MovieController) DeleteBy(id int64) interface{} {
-	wasDel := c.Service.DeleteByID(id)
-	if wasDel {
-		// return the deleted movie's ID
-		return iris.Map{"deleted": id}
-	}
-	// right here we can see that a method function can return any of those two types(map or int),
-	// we don't have to specify the return type to a specific type.
-	return iris.StatusBadRequest
-}
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/web/middleware/basicauth.go
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/web/middleware/basicauth.go
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-// file: web/middleware/basicauth.go
-
-package middleware
-
-import "github.com/kataras/iris/v12/middleware/basicauth"
-
-// BasicAuth middleware sample.
-var BasicAuth = basicauth.New(basicauth.Config{
-	Users: map[string]string{
-		"admin": "password",
-	},
-})
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/web/viewmodels/README.md
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/web/viewmodels/README.md
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-# View Models
-
-There should be the view models, the structure that the client will be able to see.
-
-Example:
-
-```go
-import (
-    "github.com/kataras/iris/v12/_examples/mvc/overview/datamodels"
-
-    "github.com/kataras/iris/v12"
-    "github.com/kataras/iris/v12/context"
-)
-
-type Movie struct {
-    datamodels.Movie
-}
-
-func (m Movie) IsValid() bool {
-    /* do some checks and return true if it's valid... */
-    return m.ID > 0
-}
-```
-
-Iris is able to convert any custom data Structure into an HTTP Response Dispatcher,
-so theoretically, something like the following is permitted if it's really necessary;
-
-```go
-// Dispatch completes the `kataras/iris/mvc#Result` interface.
-// Sends a `Movie` as a controlled http response.
-// If its ID is zero or less then it returns a 404 not found error
-// else it returns its json representation,
-// (just like the controller's functions do for custom types by default).
-//
-// Don't overdo it, the application's logic should not be here.
-// It's just one more step of validation before the response,
-// simple checks can be added here.
-//
-// It's just a showcase,
-// imagine the potentials this feature gives when designing a bigger application.
-//
-// This is called where the return value from a controller's method functions
-// is type of `Movie`.
-// For example the `controllers/movie_controller.go#GetBy`.
-func (m Movie) Dispatch(ctx iris.Context) {
-    if !m.IsValid() {
-        ctx.NotFound()
-        return
-    }
-    ctx.JSON(m, context.JSON{Indent: " "})
-}
-```
-
-However, we will use the "datamodels" as the only one models package because
-Movie structure doesn't contain any sensitive data, clients are able to see all of its fields
-and we don't need any extra functionality or validation inside it.
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/web/views/hello/index.html
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/web/views/hello/index.html
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-<!-- file: web/views/hello/index.html -->
-<html>
-
-<head>
-    <title>{{.Title}} - My App</title>
-</head>
-
-<body>
-    <p>{{.MyMessage}}</p>
-</body>
-
-</html>
--- a/_examples/mvc/overview/web/views/hello/name.html
+++ b/_examples/mvc/overview/web/views/hello/name.html
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-<!-- file: web/views/hello/name.html -->
-<html>
-
-<head>
-    <title>{{.}}' Portfolio - My App</title>
-</head>
-
-<body>
-    <h1>Hello {{.}}</h1>
-</body>
-
-</html>